A Modern City That Is a Center or the Arts

Cultural and architectural complex in the city of Valencia, Spain

City of Arts and Sciences

Valencian: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
Spanish: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias
Aerial view (2009)
Location	Valencia, Spain
Coordinates	39°27′15″N 00°21′00″W  /  39.45417°N 0.35000°W  / 39.45417; -0.35000 Coordinates: 39°27′xv″N 00°21′00″West  /  39.45417°North 0.35000°West  / 39.45417; -0.35000
Owner	Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, S.A. (CACSA)
Construction
Opened	L'Hemisfèric (1998), Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000), 50'Umbracle (2001), L'Oceanogràfic (2003), Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía (2005), Montolivet Bridge (2007), Assut de l'Or Bridge (2008), 50'Àgora (2009)
Construction cost	1,200 one thousand thousand euros
Architect	Santiago Calatrava, Félix Candela (L'Oceanogràfic)
Website
world wide web.cac.es/en/home.html

The City of Arts and Sciences (Valencian: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències [siwˈtad de les ˈaɾts i les siˈɛnsi.es]; Spanish: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias [θjuˈðað de las ˈartes i las ˈθjenθjas]) is a cultural and architectural complex in the city of Valencia, Kingdom of spain. It is the near important modern tourist destination in the metropolis of Valencia and one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

The City of Arts and Sciences is situated at the southeast end of the onetime riverbed of the river Turia, which was drained and rerouted after a catastrophic overflowing in 1957. The old riverbed was turned into a picturesque sunken park.

Designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, the project began the first stages of structure in July 1996, and was inaugurated on 16 April 1998 with the opening of L'Hemisfèric. The last major component of the City of Arts and Sciences, Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, was inaugurated on 9 October 2005, Valencian Customs Day. The most contempo building in the circuitous, Fifty'Àgora, was opened in 2009.^[1]

Originally budgeted at €300 1000000 in 1991 for three structures, it has expanded about three times the initial expected cost.^[two]

Buildings and structures [edit]

The complex is made up of the following buildings and structures, presented in the lodge of their inauguration:

• L'Hemisfèric (1998) – an IMAX Picture palace, planetarium and laserium. The building is meant to resemble a giant eye, and has an estimate surface of thirteen,000 one thousand². The Hemisfèric, besides known every bit the planetarium or the "eye of knowledge", is the centerpiece of the Urban center of Arts and Sciences. It was the first building completed in 1998. Its design resembles an eyelid that opens to admission the surrounding water pool. The bottom of the puddle is drinking glass, creating the illusion of the heart as a whole. This planetarium is a one-half-sphere in a concrete structure 110 meters long and 55.5 meters wide. The shutter is built of elongated aluminum awnings that fold up collectively to form a brise soleil roof that opens along the curved axis of the centre. It opens to reveal the dome, the "iris" of the center, which is the planetarium or Ominax theater. The structure is divided in half by a ready of stairs that descend into the vaulted concrete lobby. The underground spaces are illuminated with the use of translucent glass panels within the walking path. The transparent roof is supported by physical arches that connect to the sunken gallery. In that location is a remarkable echo in the building and if two people stand up at the two opposite pillars inside of the eye they can speak with each other.

Museo de las Ciencias Príncipe Felipe

• Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000) – an interactive museum of science that resembles the skeleton of a whale. It occupies around 40,000 grand² on 3 floors. Much of the basis floor is taken up by a basketball court sponsored by a local team and various companies. The building has three floors, of which 26,000 square meters is used for exhibitions. The first floor has a view of the Turia Garden that surrounds it, which is over thirteen,500 square meters of water. The second flooring hosts "The Legacy of Science" exhibition by researchers Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Severo Ochoa y Jean Dausset. The third floor is known as the "Chromosome Wood" and shows the sequencing of homo DNA. Besides on this floor are the "Zippo Gravity," "Infinite Academy" and "Marvel Superheroes" exhibitions. The building's compages is known for its geometry, structure, use of materials, and its design around nature. The edifice is nigh 42,000 square meters, of which 26,000 foursquare meters is exhibition space, making it the largest in Kingdom of spain. It has 20,000 square meters of glass, four,000 panes, 58,000 m³ of physical, and 14.000 tons of steel. The building stands 220 meters long, fourscore meters wide and 55 meters high.

• L'Umbracle (2001) – an open structure enveloping a landscaped walk with establish species indigenous to Valencia (such as rockrose, lentisca, rosemary, lavender, honeysuckle, bougainvillea and palm copse). It harbors in its interior The Walk of the Sculptures, an outdoor art gallery with sculptures by contemporary artists (Miquel de Navarre, Francesc Abbot, Yoko Ono and others). The Umbracle is also abode to numerous free-continuing sculptures surrounded by nature. Information technology was designed as an entrance to the City of Arts and Sciences. It is 320 meters long and 60 meters wide, located on the southern side of the circuitous. Information technology includes 55 fixed arches and 54 floating arches that stand xviii meters high. The plants displayed were carefully picked to alter colour with each flavour. The garden includes 99 palm trees, 78 small palm trees, and 62 bitter orangish trees. There are 42 varieties of shrubs from the Region of Valencia including cistuses, mastics, buddleia, pampas grass, and plumbagos. In the garden there are 16 species of Mirabilis jalapa, or the four-o'clock bloom ("beauty of the nighttime"). Honeysuckle and hanging bougainvillea are ii of the 450 climbing plants in L'Umbracle. There as well are 5,500 ground encompass plants such equally lotus, agatea, Spanish Flags, and fig-marigolds. There are over a hundred aromatic plants including rosemary and lavander.

• L'Oceanogràfic (2003) – an open-air oceanographic park. It is the largest oceanographic aquarium in Europe with 110,000 square meters and 42 million liters of water. It was congenital in the shape of a water lily and is the piece of work of architect Félix Candela. Each edifice represents different aquatic environments including the Mediterranean, wetlands, temperate and tropical seas, the Antarctic, the Arctic, islands and the Red Sea. This aquarium is a home to over 500 unlike species including dolphins, belugas, sawfish, jellyfish, starfish, ocean urchins, walruses, sea lions, seals, penguins, turtles, sharks and rays. Information technology also houses wetland bird species.

• Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía (2005) – an opera house and performing arts eye dedicated to music and the performing arts. It is surrounded by 87,000 square meters of landscape and water, every bit well every bit 10,000 square meters of walking area. The Palau de Les Arts has 4 sections: the chief hall, the master hall, the auditorium, and the Martin y Soler theatre. Information technology holds many events such as opera, theatre and music in its auditoriums. Panoramic lifts and stairways connect platforms at dissimilar heights on the inside of the metal frames of the building. The building has a metal plumage outer roof that is 230 meters long and 70 meters high. The building is supported by white concrete. Ii laminated steel shells encompass the building, weighing over 3,000 tons. These shells are 163 meters wide and 163 meters long.

Montolivet Bridge, newer southern segment

• Montolivet Bridge (2007) - concrete route bridge crossing the dry Turia riverbed that consists of an older direct-roadway northern segment with column piers designed past Fernández Ordóñez (1933-2000)^[3] continued with a newer curved-roadway southern segment with white arch point supports designed by Santiago Calatrava,^[4] located in betwixt, and complementing his blueprint of, Palua de les Arts Reina Sofía and L'Hemisferic.

• Assut de 50'Or Span (2008) – a white cable-stayed span sustained by a curved pylon with backstayed counterweights, crossing the dry Turia riverbed, connecting the due south side with Minorca Street, in betwixt El Museu de les Ciències and Fifty'Agora. The pylon of the bridge, at 125 meters high, is the highest point in the city.

• L'Àgora (2009) – a covered plaza in which concerts and sporting events (such as the Valencia Open 500) are held.^[1] The Agora is a space designed to hold a diverseness of events such equally concerts, performances, exhibitions, conventions, staging of congresses, and international sports meetings. Many important events have been held in this edifice, including the Freestyle Fire Spanish Cup in 2010 and the Christmas Special Program.
• Valencia Towers – office of a Calatrava project (2005) to complete the City of Arts and Sciences with the additional structure, and so estimated to take more than 2 decades to complete, of iii sculptural towers of 308, 266 and 220 1000 tall, which symbolize the cities of Valencia, Alicante and Castellón, respectively. The proposed project has been put on concur.^[5]

History [edit]

Origins of the project [edit]

In 1989, the president of the Valencian Autonomous Regime, Joan Lerma, later a visit to the new Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in Paris, and through the general managing director of planning and studies of the Presidency of the Generalitat Valenciana, Dr. José María Bernabé, officially deputed the scientist Dr. Antonio Ten Ros to draft a first proposal for a City of Science and Engineering science for Valencia.^[6]

Dr. Ten Ros drew up a get-go draft, entitled "Vilanova, A City of Science for Valencia", which was officially presented to the Generalitat in May 1989. After that, he was formally commissioned in 1990 to direct the cosmos of a full general draft amounting to 92,650,000 pesetas (556,000 euros), to be managed by the University of Valencia. Antonio 10 Ros assembled a squad of 56 scientists, museologists and designers including Professor José María López Piñero as responsible for the space "A walk through history". X Ros presented the draft in 32 volumes to President Lerma in the Palace of the Generalitat on 21 December 1991.^[half-dozen]

The "Urban center of Science and Communications" was the proper noun that the democratic government gave to the initiative, and plans included a 370m loftier communications tower, which would have been the third highest 1 in the world at that time; a planetarium; and a museum of science. The full price of the works was estimated to exist about 25,000 million pesetas.

In May 1991, the council canonical the transfer of lands. Four months later the project plan with three structures (communications tower, planetarium, and a scientific discipline museum) was presented, designed by Santiago Calatrava.^[7]

The squad that had designed the museum did not see centre to eye with the course in which Santiago Calatrava conceived the building, and a couple of changes were made. Preliminary site piece of work began by the end of 1994.^[7]

The project was not without controversy. The Conservative Popular Party saw in the City of Scientific discipline a "work of the pharaohs" that would serve simply to bully the ego of the Socialists, who were the driving forces behind the initiative.^[8]

Expanded plan and construction [edit]

Plan: longitudinal centrality bisects Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, Montolivet Bridge, L'Hemisferic, and extends through L'Agora to L'Oceanografic

In 1995, the Pop Political party won against the Socialists. However, several successive Popular Political party governments continued and expanded the complex far beyond the original Socialist project at an enormous cost, heavily indebting the urban center.^{[viii] [9]}

After a modify of government in 1996, the planned telecommunication tower was cancelled and replaced by an opera house,^[10] which was more than expensive, and builder Félix Candela was added to pattern an oceanographic park,^[11] all of which led to underspecified increases in the project upkeep and to updating the name to City of Arts and Sciences. In July 1996, the original Valencia, Ciencia y Comunicaciones was officially changed to Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, S.A. (CACSA).^[12] Construction on the Metropolis of Arts and Sciences under CACSA began July 1996. When construction started in 1997 on the Palau de les Arts, it was built with the aforementioned foundation and the same contract that had been planned for the cancelled communications tower.^[9]

The revised plan (by Calatrava) exhibited a strong longitudinal axis that divers the courage tying together all the structures of the complex. Information technology bisected the Opera House, Montolivet Bridge, L'Hemisferic, and extended through the Assut de L'Or Bridge and L'Agora (deputed subsequently in 2005) to L'Oceanografic (designed by Candela). Parallel to the axis were placed the science museum, Fifty'Umbracle, raised promenades and reflecting pools.^{[13] [14]}

Equally the site is close to the ocean, and Valencia is so dry, I decided to make water a major element for the whole site using it every bit a mirror for the architecture. --Santiago Calatrava^[10]

Some other unifying element was the use of the city'due south traditional heritage, viz., the employ of ceramic mosaic tiles known equally "trencadis", which was widely used every bit the exterior layer over the concrete surfaces of many of the buildings/structures and elements of the promenade throughout the circuitous.^[fourteen]

Construction connected on the site until the concluding structure, L'Agora, was completed in 2009. The total cost of the project came in at 1,200 1000000 euros.^[fifteen]

Inauguration [edit]

Logo: Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències

In April 1998, the complex opened its doors to the public with 50'Hemisfèric. Eleven months afterward, the President of Valencia, Eduardo Zaplana, inaugurated the Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe, although the museum was not all the same finished. The museum was opened to the public twenty months later. On 12 December 2002 was the opening of L'Oceanogràfic, the largest aquarium congenital in Europe. Queen Sofía, on 8 Oct 2005, inaugurated the Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía, which became the opera house of Valencia.^[16]

Architects: Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela [edit]

Santiago Calatrava was born in Valencia, Kingdom of spain, on 28 July 1951. He is an architect and engineer also known for his skills in painting and sculpting. He attended the Art Academy in Valencia in the mid-1960s; so he earned a degree in compages and a postgraduate course in urban center planning at the Escuela Tecnica Superior de Arquitectura, studied civil technology at the Federal Polytechnic University of Zurich, and participated in academic research investigating the foldability of space frames.

Calatrava'south architecture aims to unite structure and movement. Early in his career, Calatrava designed Stadelhofen Station in Zurich. He was recognized for his accomplishment in creating poetics of movement and integrating public transportation in a natural setting and urban context. Another theme in his work was moving contraptions in his buildings; for instance, his dome for the Reichstag Conversion Competition in Berlin opens and closes like a blossom, and the Planetarium in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia opens and closes like eyelids.

Félix Candela was born on 27 January 1910 in Madrid, Kingdom of spain, and died on 7 December 1997. His architectural designs are composed of reinforced physical structures distinguished by sparse, curved shells. His popularity sprung from his blueprint, in collaboration with Jorge Gonzales Reyna, of the Cosmic Rays Pavilion (1951) in Mexico. He used his signature design of the reinforced concrete roof that varies in thickness from only v/8 inch to 2 inches. He also built the church of La Virgin Milagrosa in Mexico Urban center and the church of San Vicente de Paul. His designs consisted of warped-shell industrial buildings, thin-vanquish centenary, and barrel-vaulted factories and warehouses. Candela was likewise a teacher at Harvard University and the University of Illinois. Felix Candela designed the underwater urban center L'Oceanogràfic in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, reminiscent of Antoni Gaudí's work in Barcelona.

In popular culture [edit]

Parts of the musical number "Manner" from the 2007 Indian film Sivaji were shot at the Urban center of Arts and Sciences. Portions of the surface area were featured in the 2013 racing game Gran Turismo 6 every bit a photo location. Exterior scenes of the futuristic city in the 2015 film Tomorrowland were filmed around the complex.^[17] In 2016 (circulate in 2017) it was used as a filming location for the British scientific discipline-fiction television programme Medico Who, actualization in the second episode of the 10th series, "Grin".^[xviii] The location was used as the headquarters of the visitor DELOS in the third flavor of the HBO serial Westworld.^[19]

Various exterior shots of the complex were used to depict a conceptual 2039 New York Globe'due south Off-white for the flavour finale of Cosmos: Possible Worlds on National Geographic. Architectural elements from the site were used every bit a green screen backdrop for the futuristic 2720 city in the 2020 moving picture Bill & Ted Face the Music ^[twenty] It's also used as the gear up of the 2020 television set adaptation of Dauntless New Globe.

Economic touch on [edit]

In 2019 it was reported that the economic impact of the complex is €113 million a yr and generates 3509 jobs.^[21]

Gallery [edit]

• 

  Panorama (2007, before Assut de fifty'Or Bridge and Ágora were built)

• 

  Pont de Montolivet

• 

  Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía

• 

• 

  Reflections

• 

  Walkway awning of L'Umbracle

• 

  Panoramic

• 

• 

  City of Arts and Sciences at night

• 

  Assut de l'Or Bridge, Ágora (2014)

• 

  50'Àgora 2010

• 

  L'Oceanogràfic (2019)

• 

  Noche Ciudad Artes Ciencias

See also [edit]

• 12 Treasures of Spain
• Civilisation of Spain
• Tourism in Espana
• Quatre Carreres, abode of the City of Arts and Sciences.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "End point to the City of Arts (in Spanish)". ABC Valencian Community. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
2. ^ Suzanne Daley, Santiago Calatrava Collects Critics as Well as Fans The New York Times, Sept. 24, 2013
3. ^ Ordóñez, José Antonio Fernández. "Puente de Monteolivete". structurae.internet . Retrieved 22 June 2020.
4. ^ Calatrava, Santiago. "Puente de Monteolivete". structurae.cyberspace . Retrieved 22 June 2020.
5. ^ "Torres de Valencia , 2005 (Project), past Santiago Calatrava". jmhdezhdez.com . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
6. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1989: The Antonio Ten Ros project (in Spanish)". Final Degree Projection: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
7. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1991: Santiago Calatrava and Joan Lerma (in Spanish)". Final Degree Project: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Calatrava considers his fees 'fifty-fifty modest'". El Pais (in Spanish). 19 June 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020. ...in 1991 this piece of work was commissioned to Santiago Calatrava, initially composed of three buildings: the Planetarium, the Scientific discipline Museum and the Telecommunications Belfry. This complex of three buildings had an expected cost of 300 million euros. In 1996, the regional regime, in addition to changing the Telecommunications Tower for an Opera [Business firm]..., expanded the project with new works and buildings... which stand for an additional price of 800 million euros.
9. ^ ^{a b} Osset, Lucia. "1995: Santiago Calatrava and the Popular Party (in Spanish)". Final Degree Project: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
10. ^ ^{a b} Tola, Ani; Vokshi, Armand (November 2013). "Santiago Calatrava, City of Arts and Science: The Similarity of the Elements". Conference: 2nd Annual International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation. Durres, Albania. Architecture, Spatial Planning and Civil Engineering science: 32–42. doi:10.33107/ubt-ic.2013.3. ISBN978-9951-437-23-3 . Retrieved 20 July 2020.
11. ^ "Urban center of Arts and Sciences". wikiarquitectura . Retrieved twenty July 2020.
12. ^ "HISTORY: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias S.A." CAC SA . Retrieved xx July 2020. In July 1996, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, South.A. was founded, following a change in company name from Vacico (Valencia, Ciencia y Comunicaciones), a trading company run past the Government of Valencia.
13. ^ "Urban center Of Arts And Sciences". Arcspace. August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
14. ^ ^{a b} "Urban center of Arts and Sciences - Valencia - Santiago Calatrava". spacesXplaces. Oct 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
15. ^ Osset, Lucia. "Cost overruns (in Spanish)". Final Caste Project: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
16. ^ "CHRONOLOGY: Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias S.A." CAC SA . Retrieved twenty July 2020.
17. ^ "George Clooney's Tomorrowland Exists in Spain". The Huffington Post.
18. ^ Webb, Claire (22 Apr 2017). "Visit Doctor Who's spectacular colony world… in Valencia". Radio Times . Retrieved 27 January 2020.
19. ^ "For Westworld Season 3, Los Angeles of 2058 Was Built With Input From Bjarke Ingels". Architectural Digest. 2020-03-twenty.
20. ^ https://www.atlasofwonders.com/2020/09/neb-and-ted-house-filming-locations.html October 2020
21. ^ "La Ciudad de las Artes aporta 113 millones al PIB". 30 May 2019.

• Tzonis, Alexander. Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. New York: Rizzoli, 2004. Print.
• Jodidio, Philip. Santiago Calatrava. Köln: Taschen, 1998. Impress.
• Sharp, Dennis. Santiago Calatrava. London: E & FN SPON, 1994. Print.

External links [edit]

• Official website Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències
• Official tourism website of Valencia Archived 2016-08-17 at the Wayback Machine
• Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències at Google Maps
• Architectural photos by Varlamov at flickr
• Photograph essay City of Arts and Sciences 2002

wagamanofigaill.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Arts_and_Sciences

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